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THE CHURCH 

AND THE 



YOUNG MAN'S GAME 



p. J. MILNES 





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COPYRIGHT DEPOSn: 



THE CHURCH AND THE 
YOUNG MAN'S GAME 

F. J. MILNES, B.S. 



THE NATIONAX. INDOOR 
GAME ASSOCIATION 

INCORPORATED 



E. B. DeGROOT, 

Gen. Sec. Playground Assn., Chicago. 

MARY E. McDowell, 

Chicago University Settlement. 

THOMAS FOLEY, 
Pres. National Billiard Assn. 



PROF. JOHN H. GRAY, 
Pol. Econ. University Minnesota. 

DR. GRAHAM TAYLOR, 
Chicago Commons. 

JUDGE HARRY OLSON, 
Chief Justice, Chicago. 



F. J. MKNES, Pres. and Treas., 
Evanston, 111. 



THE CHURCH AND THE 
YOUNG MAN'S GAME 



V BY 

Fr^^J; MILNES, B.S. 



PUBLISHED FOR 

THE NATIONAL INDOOR GAME ASSOCIATION 

INCORPORATED 

GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY 
NEW YORK 






Copyright, 1913, by 
GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY 



©CI.A350174 



PREFACE 

In sending forth this little book, the writer 
makes no pretence at literary skill. He has 
simply tried to present in a straight-forward 
manner his honest convictions on the "Amuse- 
ment Question"; he has suggested a legitimate 
workable means, which the church is well quali- 
fied and commissioned to employ, in order to 
win and hold young men; he has shown also 
how the same means may be employed by rural 
communities to check the deplorable migration 
of their brightest young people to the city, and 
to solve thereby one of the gravest problems of 
our times, touching the very life and manhood 
of the nation; and at the close he has cited a 
number of examples, together with one of his 
own, of the practical application of the afore- 
said suggestions. 



When you consider the millions of capital 
represented by our church edifices, the idea 
of allowing them to stand vacant and useless 
six-sevenths of the time does not appeal to 
the business spirit of our age as a very wise 
investment. 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Introduction. The Invasion of a New Idea . . 13 

II. The Church and the Young Man. The Incident 

at Negaunee 21 

III. Play Compared with Other Means of Growth. 

A Primary Instinct S3 

IV. The Function of Games. "By-Products" . . 51 

V. Indoor Games Compared. Billiards Our National 

Game 62 

VI. Billiards in Church. Church Entitled to the Best 71 

VII. Conclusion 80 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



lACING 
PAGE 



Billiard Room in connection with the West Park Presby- 
terian Church, Philadelphia Frontispiece ^ 

A $70,000 Investment Useless Six-sevenths of the Time . . 22 "^^ 

A Church Which Serves the Community Every Day in the 
Week is Rewarded by a Chance to Preach to Young 



Men on Sunday 30 



V 



Gymnasium of Congregational Church, Winnetka, Illinois . 40 '• 

Class of Girls in Gymnasium of Congregational Church, 

Winnetka, Illinois 40 \/^ 

Men's Billiard Room in Congregational Church, Winnetka, 

Illinois 50 ^ 

Congregational Church and "Community Building," Win- 
netka, lUinois 50 ^ 

Class of Girls in Gymnasium of " Community House," Win- 
netka, Illinois 60 v^ 

Associate Pastor Preaching to Boys and Girls at Same Hour 
the Pastor is Preaching to his Adult Congregation in 
the Auditorium Adjoining, Sunday Morning .... 70 ^x 

Reverend Charles Grant Hopper, Pastor, West Park Pres- 
byterian Church, Philadelphia 80 , 

West Park Presbyterian Church and Recreation Building, 

Philadelphia 84 )^, 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

Gymnasium in connection with the West Park Presbyterian 

Church, Philadelphia 88 

Once a Church Basement Catch-all — now Furnished with 

Second-hand BilUard Tables 92 



// pastors will cooperate with the National 
Indoor Game Association they will he effectu- 
ally assisted in forcing unscrupulous game-room 
keepers either out of business or into higher 
ideals of conducting it. 



CHAPTER I 
INTRODUCTION 

The Invasion of a New Idea 

THE National Indoor Game Association 
was organized to safeguard the young 
man^s leisure hours, to shield him 
from vice and low ideals where temptation as- 
sails him most, to ameliorate the atmosphere 
of his favorite games, and to make unwhole- 
some game-rooms clean up or close up by the 
principle of substitution. Its power is bilateral 
and its method unique. It is the crystallization 
of a new discovery in coordination. It is the 
federation of forces which have hitherto mis- 
understood each other. 

The big game equipment manufacturers are 
anxious, even if only for financial reasons, that 
the moral tone of billiard halls, bowling alleys, 
gymnasiums, etc., shall meet the approval of 
public ideals. These big concerns, of course, 
13 



14 THE CHURCH AND 

will oppose and fight to the bitter end the 
prohibition of the games. But, if the churches 
and reformers will cooperate in the ameliora- 
tion of the surrounding conditions, instead of 
the annihilation of the games themselves, and 
will help to place the games in clean moral 
environments under proper supervision in lieu 
of the places of Ill-repute, these same manu- 
facturers will do all in their power to assist 
in bringing about this mutually desired end. 

It is the function of the National Indoor 
Game Association to unite these two forces In 
the common cause of environmental salvation. 
To act separately is usually to act antagonis- 
tically, the forces only counteracting each other 
with zero as the net result. Out of ten years 
of honest, measurably successful, though dis- 
appointing pastorate efforts to win young men, 
and out of observations of the efforts and 
methods of others made in different denomina- 
tions from New England to the Pacific Coast, 
I have come to the conclusion that the church, 
acting alone, with an unsupplemented poUcy of 
restraint. Is not putting on her whole armor. 
She Is not using all the agencies, which she is 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 15 

eminently qualified to employ, in order that her 
solution of the ^'amusement problem" may pos- 
sess that general satisfaction and finality which 
shall at once maintain the dignity of her own 
sublime ideals and at the same time secure 
the confidence of the younger generation upon 
which she depends for the leadership of to- 
morrow. It is the aim of this book and of the 
National Indoor Game Association to assist 
the church to make sympathetic and practical 
efforts to offer adequate social substitutes for 
the "Good Fellowship" of the young man's 
questionable resorts. 

Just now there is a movement to make the 
public schools the "social centers" with eve- 
ning sessions of "Folklore" dances, games, etc. 
I tell you, brother ministers, we must make the 
church the "social center" or abandon hope of 
reaching the young people of our generation. 
You may differ from this opinion and criticize 
this book's point of view, but you will come to 
it before you win the young man of to-day. 

When you consider the millions of capital 
represented by our church edifices, the idea of 
allowing them to stand vacant and useless six- 



1 6. THE CHURCH AND 

sevenths of the time does not appeal to the 
business spirit of our age as a very wise in- 
vestment. 

But this message is directed also to the 
"officials" and laymen, for upon their shoul- 
ders lies the brunt of the responsibility for the 
present deplorable situation. The younger and 
more progressive ministers endorse modern 
ideas and would gladly put them into practice. 
But their hands are often manacled by a cer- 
tain minority upon whom in many cases the 
church unfortunately depends — or upon whom 
some people imagine it depends — for its finan- 
cial support. 

If under these or similar circumstances the 
pastor adopts a policy commensurate with mod- 
ern demands, there soon follows "another 
siege for the minister's freight-racked furni- 
ture, another flitting experience for his home- 
less children, another proof of his wife's heroic 
love, and another scar on his own bewildered 
heart." Traditional methods hold the field. 
Money for any new departure in church activi- 
ties is hard to raise. Fear of being discredited 
through failure and critical gossip awaits along 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 17 

the unbeaten path. It should not be surprising, 
therefore, if the minister capitulates to things 
as they are and resigns himself to the ecclesi- 
astical treadmill. 

Nevertheless, progress in every sphere and 
direction is the child of the brave heroes who 
break the shackles of conformity and tyranny. 
And the church laymen and ministers, who 
break through the armor of ecclesiastical sanc- 
tity enough to fill the church basement with 
the merry laughter of young men at their fav- 
orite games in lieu of their present haunts and 
pastimes, will embrace thereby the greatest 
single opportunity for bringing in the Kingdom 
of God. 

But where this is impracticable, the minister 
still has a splendid opportunity to improve the 
environment of young men's leisure hours, — 
and an ounce of improvement of leisure periods 
is equal, in character formation, to tons of re- 
form of working periods. Pastors may not be 
aware, for instance, that there is a National 
Billiard Association, made up of various State 
organizations of the better class of game-room 
keepers, incorporated with a constitution which 



1 8 THE CHURCH AND 

forbids all manner of vice, gambling, ''blind 
pigs," indecent language, the admission of boys 
under age without parental consent, etc. If 
pastors will cooperate with this association, 
they will be effectually assisted in forcing un- 
scrupulous room keepers either out of business 
or into higher ideals of conducting it. 

It may be objected that this association, as 
also the manufacturers of sporting goods, are 
interested in reform only as a business propo- 
sition or self-preservation. But this in no way 
excuses our culpability in failing to enlist that 
self-interest among the active assets of moral 
reformation. For self-interest is a fundamental 
law and legitimate force of life, growth, and 
all manner of moral progress. Self-interest, 
for instance, has made the railroads of to-day 
the most effectual temperance reformers of 
modern civilization. Self-interest, tactfully di- 
rected and appropriated, may become a force 
for good which it is a crime to despise, may 
indeed become the greatest moral power in the 
uplift of the human race. Why not use it? 



Unless the present foreboding tendency is 
promptly reversed, the church will soon he 
bankrupt of masculinity. 



CHAPTER II 

THE CHURCH AND THE YOUNG MAN 

The Incident at Negaunee 

IN a small Michigan village is a most sig- 
nificant and somewhat startling spectacle. 
The young men of the town have formed 
an organization, the definite purpose of which 
is to oppose and defeat the church. They are 
actually pledged not to attend or support the 
church in any manner, — and all over the same 
old mooted question of amusements. The 
boys will play billiards, and the church is bent 
on the suppression of their favorite game. 
But the results were not what the Methodist 
Brotherhood had in mind when they initiated 
the abolition movement. Had they anticipated 
such an adverse response, they no doubt would 
have modified their method of procedure. It is 
another illustration of the theory of suppres- 

21 



22 THE CHURCH AND 

sion as distinguished from that of substitution. 
Be that as it may, the results are a most pitiable 
contest between forces which should be as 
mother and son. And, while not generally 
demonstrated so ostensibly, this is becoming 
sadly typical of the relation between young 
men and the church everywhere. The decision 
in the case is that the church is right, the 
young man wins, and both lose simultaneously. 

CHURCH BEREFT OF YOUNG MEN 

Anyhow, the church to-day is bereft of young 
men. Who denies this only proclaims he 
doesn't care. By actual count of the church 
attendance at twenty-two of the leading Protest- 
ant churches of Chicago, with a total mem- 
bership of 12,840, it was observed by investi- 
gation, under my direction, that the total 
attendance at the morning service of these 
churches on a recent pleasant Sunday was 
5,982, and of this number only 216 were young 
men, — less than 2 per cent, of the enrollment, 
and less than 4 per cent, of the actual atten- 
dance. It appears, therefore, that the young 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 23 

men who attend church to-day are almost sta- 
tistically negligible. 

The Rev. Dr. Blake, Secretary of Metho- 
dist Sunday Schools, speaking before the ^'Con- 
ferences" of his denomination from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, is sounding the alarm that "as 
soon as boys get into long pants they leave 
the Sunday school and are lost to the church." 
To "get by" the portent of this tendency the 
Doctor is admonishing pastors: "Bait your 
hooks with the things boys bite at." 

TIME FOR ACTION 

The advice is timely. For, unless the present 
foreboding tendency is promptly reversed, the 
church will soon be bankrupt of masculinity. 
This should sting the most lethargic into action. 
There is no time for parley or hairsplitting 
discussions on the orthodoxy of methods. Pro- 
crastination only permits the conditions to 
ossify. Deliberations frequently serve as a 
convenient exhaust through which to relieve a 
disturbing conscience, and in the Potter's Field 
of time rest the forms of too many noble im- 
pulses. 



24 THE CHURCH AND 

The thing most needed just now Is action. 
We are not dealing with what ought to be, but 
what is. Young men ought to come to church, 
but they don't. They ought to keep the Sab- 
bath sacred, but they don't. They ought not 
leave the wholesome country life for the allure- 
ments of the city, but they do in alarmingly 
increasing numbers. We may preach and 
admonish, but they are either absent or deaf. 
There is a "screw loose" somewhere. There 
IS some primary requirement arising out of the 
unique conditions, surrounding the young men 
to-day, which the church is apparently not meet- 
ing. It is not a question of who is right or 
who is to blame; it is a question of practical 
expediency in meeting a crisis. Without at- 
tempting any defense, it is enough, for those 
of us who love the church, to know that, from 
the young men's point of view at least, she is 
not "making good" In what they instinctively 
feel they legitimately require. Consequently, 
though unintentionally, they do worse than 
fight or persecute the church. They ignore it. 
They literally pay no attention to It. The ques- 
tion is, therefore, what "bait" can the church 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 25 

use which young men are biting at to-day? 
What distinctly urgent requirement can she 
meet? 

SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF THE PAST 

The church has reached men in the past 
through a series of readjustments in the light 
of new and ever changing conditions. Every 
great historical growth the church has made 
can be traced to the fine sensibility of her 
spiritual antennae by which she has detected 
the deep specific need of any particular period, 
and then adapted herself to meet that need. 

This is seen in her great spiritual awaken- 
ings. Religion in the sixteenth century, for 
instance, had become little more than blind 
obedience to authority. It had grown languid 
and lacking in spontaneity. Martin Luther's 
justification by faith supplied that need, and 
the great Reformation followed. In the sev- 
enteenth century came the much needed and 
well adapted Puritan Revival with its doctrine 
on the Sovereignty of God. In the eighteenth 
century religion had become again impersonal 
and ritualistic. John Wesley supplied the miss- 



26 THE CHURCH AND 

ing note by his personal salvation and witness 
of the Spirit, and the resulting growth of the 
church was phenomenal. In the first half of 
the nineteenth century Charles G. Finney em- 
phasi-zed another required phase of truth, 
maji's free moral agency and guilt. This also 
gave the church another wonderful impetus. 
In the latter half of the nineteenth century the 
scientific spirit had so developed that the one 
thing needed and nearly forgotten was love, 
the most essential element of religion. This 
was supplied by the spirit and preaching of 
Dwight Lyman Moody; and, because he met 
the underlying specific need of the times, he 
initiated a wonderful "revival'* and won the 
most adherents of any man of his century. 

FUTURE PROGRAM OF CHURCH 

In the light of that principle, therefore, 
through the exercise of which the church has 
flourished in the past, what should be her policy 
and program in the future? Students of the 
life and spirit of Jesus are agreed that when 
He inquired of humanity, "Wilt thou be made 
whole?" his words had a wider appHcation 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 27 

than the historical incident which furnished the 
immediate occasion of their utterance. In that 
eternal interrogation he announced the slogan 
for the future program of the church. The 
function of Christianity was to touch the frag- 
mentary life of mankind and make it whole, — 
to build up complete symmetrical character. 

The church has executed this program by 
sections as the development of the race has re- 
quired. At each succeeding stage of human 
evolution some new capacity, instinct, or rela- 
tionship has developed and asserted its claims; 
and, as already shown, whenever the church 
has adjusted herself to meet those claims, she 
has acquired a corresponding increase of acces- 
sions and power. On the other hand, when- 
ever the church has disinherited any legitimate 
portion of human nature, she has only shared 
her proprietorship with another; and such joint 
interest has always been disastrous to the 
church. She was commissioned to develop the 
whole man, and whenever she has not fully 
carried out that commission, she has merely 
permitted her opportunity to pass into other 
hands. 



28 THE CHURCH AND 

CHURCH HESITATES AND SUFFERS LOSS 

The church to-day, for instance, Is con- 
fronted by the insistent and unprecedented de- 
mands of the Instinct for play. But In the 
presence of this new challenge she is hesitat- 
ing. Her former method of readjustment and 
expansion, by which in the past she so triumph- 
antly met the characteristic requirement of 
each recurring age, has apparently been ar- 
rested. No doubt, there Is some justification 
for this reluctance. The church remembers 
the unpleasantness of the struggle through 
which she threw off the narrowness and preju- 
dice of the times and installed musical Instru- 
ments in her services. She recalls, too, with 
what bitterness she was opposed when she em- 
braced the child within her prerogative, 
founded the Sunday School, and heroically 
proclaimed to the self-righteous Pecksniffs who 
have done their worst in every age to impede 
her progress that children are not ''born lost," 
but rather, on the contrary, are "already in 
the Kingdom." 

But even while these reflections give her 



THE YOUNG MAN^S GAME 29 

pause, even since she has hesitated, the results 
show an unspeakable loss to the church and 
the initiation of a subtle supplanting process 
manifested in the rise and growth of other 
institutions. What new and larger influence 
the church might have acquired, for instance, 
had she initiated and mothered the recent 
"playground" movement and centered it about 
herself, instead of leaving it wholly to the 
municipalities ! 

It is unfortunate, too, that the church did not 
make more immediate response to the object- 
lesson displayed in the birth and phenomenal 
growth of the Y. M. C. A., a monumental 
testimony to the reward awaiting the institution 
which promptly adapts itself to meet the pri- 
mary requirement of the times. 

Moreover, the "Men and Religion Forward 
Movement," even though it did nothing else, 
was worth while in that it taught us what the 
business men believe is now the supreme oppor- 
tunity of the church. Their plea was unanimous 
that the church must again adapt herself to 
meet the requirements of new conditions. 
Among the most common suggestions was that 



30 THE CHURCH AND 

of an "open house," during several evenings of 
each week, providing young men's favorite 
games and social recreations. 

DEEPER INQUIRY INTO PLAY 

The incident at Negaunee, therefore, to- 
gether with the foregoing facts relative to the 
present general situation and an ardent desire 
to learn whether recreation is not the next im- 
perative activity which the church must feature 
in her ever evolving program, leads us to in- 
quire more seriously into the essential nature 
of the play instinct itself. If it is inherently 
wicked, let us all assist the church to destroy 
it. If it is inherently legitimate and exists as a 
biological function in development, let us enlist 
it in the service of morahty and character. 



The play instinct is as primary and irresist- 
ible as the instinct for food. A play-room in 
every home is therefore as essential as a dining 
room. 



CHAPTER III 

PLAY COMPARED WITH OTHER 
MEANS OF GROWTH 

A Primary Instinct 

THE craving for amusement, says Karl 
Gross in *'The Play of Man," is 
as fundamental and irresistible as 
the craving for food. We come into the 
world with two primary instincts, hun- 
ger and playfulness. Which antecedes the 
other is not certain. But in the course of hu- 
man evolution, the exercise of the game impulse 
has had a large part in developing the highest 
coordination between man's physical and men- 
tal natures. Moreover, this coordination, or, 
more specifically, the subjection of the body to 
human volition, furnishes the basis of morality. 
A prompt muscular response to volition is the 
basis of self-control, and self-control is the 
basis of character. That is to say, games are 
33 



34 THE CHURCH AND 

a preparation for life. Long prior to any sense 
of obligation toward work, the child gets his 
elementary ideas of form and color, cause and 
effect, pain and pleasure, as well as his sense 
of relationship, justice and integrity, through 
play activities. We learn to live by play, and 
that, too, from ideal methods of instruction. 
Nature has here provided a pleasant means of 
equipping us for hfe's duties without our know- 
ing it. Memory, imagination, concentration, 
and attention are irksome of cultivation except 
as they spontaneously arise as a ''by-product'* 
of play. Indeed, it is because the routine of 
developing these mental powers, when disso- 
ciated from the play attitude, is tedious and 
irksome, that such capacities and faciUties are 
so rarely attained. 

Psychologically speaking, there is always a 
sensation or conscious state accompanying a 
sensory impact upon the nerve centers; these 
nerve centers transmit the current of energy 
resulting from such impact to the muscles and 
organs of the body; and, when such sensation 
is most pleasant, the simultaneous current of 
energy encounters least resistance in its course 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 35 

and therefore obtains the greatest response per 
unit of energy from the muscles and organs to 
which it is directed. The most enjoyable game, 
therefore, produces a maximum degree of the 
conservation of energy. In short, the spirit 
and exercise of play is an economic instrument 
of growth. 

WORK INSUFFICIENT 

Contrary to the old traditional opinion, more 
rapid, vigorous and symmetrical development 
takes place under the stimulus of play than 
under that of toil. The only exception to this 
is that in which the task is so fittingly adapted 
as to become itself a form of pleasure or actual 
amusement. Phillips Brooks said: ''It's fun 
to be a minister." But this play attitude was 
undoubtedly cultivated through the play activi- 
ties of his earlier life. 

I am not unaware that the highest Ideals of 
labor are inclusive of something more than an 
effort to produce food. We toil not only to 
make somethmg to eat, but to make something 
to look at and to listen to, things of beauty to 
enjoy forever, etc. We work in order that we 



36 THE CHURCH AND 

may live, not merely in animal existence, but, 
as Ruskin puts it, that we may "live in the . 
higher lobes of our being." All of which is 
very beautiful and very true. But it is not en- 
tir ly comprehensible, not to mention practical, 
among a large majority of that portion of the 
human race which gives seriousness to the prob- 
lem herein under consideration. Moreover, 
when we rise above mere "bread-and-butter" 
labor, we find that the workmen of this class 
have attained their higher level through the 
exercise of the play attitude. The musician, 
sculptor and painter all live in the spirit and 
attitude of play, and through the exercise of 
that spirit alone do they rise to the ranks of 
genius. 

Occasionally some exceptionally gifted or 
peculiarly constituted mind like John Ruskin 
acquires the play attitude through self-aban- 
donment in labor activities. A prominent Chi- 
cago manufacturer says of his work: "I'm 
having the time of my life here in my office. 
It's because I make business a game. Something 
I enjoy playing. Business is my fun. When 
things appear to be going bad, it makes it all 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 37 

the more interesting. I am not exaggerating 
it a bit when I say that I look forward to 
coming to work in the morning. . . . Business 
worry me? I might worry as a man would in 
making a hard shot in a billiard game, but in 
no more serious fashion than that. My atti- 
tude may have had something to do with my 
success. At any rate, I have never been able 
to get the viewpoint of the man who looked at 
business as a 'grind.' " 

But such men, either in the fine arts or in 
the business world, are very exceptional. The 
play attitude is acquired by most mortals only 
by actual engagement and recreation in games. 

A mind Hke Balzac, having spent all his 
money for his mansion and unable to buy any 
furniture for it, might furnish it with his rich 
imagination. Here, in his mind's eye, hung a 
great picture, there stood a rich cabinet, yonder 
a superb table, etc. A similar genius might 
imagine that work is play, and cultivate the 
play attitude toward everything without the 
agency of games. But such gifted mortals are 
only substituting imagination for games, and, 
therefore, every psychological influence of game 



38 THE CHURCH AND 

participation is brought to bear upon their atti- 
tude just as if the play activities were real. In 
the last analysis, therefore, the play attitude of 
life is cultivated only by play activities, even 
though the reality of such play activities exists 
merely in mental concept. 

But, we repeat that all such considerations 
have but little application to that rank and file 
of youthful and untutored humanity which con- 
stitutes the burden of our plea. To the aver- 
age young man in whose behalf these lines are 
written work is work and play is play, each 
having its own place and performing its own 
distinct function. And to these respective func- 
tions we now wish to pay a little further tribute. 

If work makes a wealthy man, play makes a 
complete man. Play develops certain charac- 
teristics or portions of human personality which 
do not readily respond to the stimulus of toil. 
"All work and no play makes Jack" not only 
"a dull boy," but a partial boy. "Man plays," 
says Schiller, "only when he is human and 
reaches full humanity only when he plays." 
Work and the necessities of life develop only 
a small part of our instinctive resources. Games 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 39 

of pure skill involve infinite combinations, un- 
expected turns, ever changing angles, and 
varied gradations of force. Work, on the 
other hand, consists largely of routine and the 
repetition of very similar, if not identical, 
movements, developing only the same limited 
muscles and neglecting other parts and organs 
equally important. 

Work is a necessity; play is a pleasure. 
Work is endured; play is enjoyed. The joy of 
work exists rarely, save in the minds of poets 
and dreamers, who have never experienced the 
drudgery of common labor. John Ruskin may 
sing of "our pleasure growing out of our work 
like the color petals from a fruitful flower." 
But as we see it down on earth, — in Chicago, 
for instance, — as we observe it among the 
*'hands on the farm," the "paddies" on the 
railroad, or among the clerks and office "force" 
of business in the monotonous grind of ever- 
lasting toil, work would not be tolerated, were 
it not the only means of getting the necessities 
of life. Captain John Smith said, "He who 
will not work may not eat" — and that is the 
reason men work to-day. In these days, how- 



40 THE CHURCH AND 

ever, thanks to Heaven and the Labor Union, 
we don't work so many hours. Moreover, if 
work were not interspersed with play, more 
employees would seek relief from life's weary 
turmoil through drugs, alcohol, and the lake. 
If labor makes life worth money, play makes 
life worth while. Work has its place, no doubt, 
but human nature will either "live by the way" 
or cease to be. 

UNSUPPLEMENTED SCHOOLING INADEQUATE 

If, then, the time revered agency of toil is 
not the best instrument in the development of 
character, whence shall we look for it? 
Educators make strong claims for the moraHz- 
ing effects of school training. "But," says 
Stanley Hall, "I cannot find a single crimin- 
ologist who speaks optimistically of the modern 
school." There are too many educated crim- 
inals. It has been my privilege to address the 
prisoners in some of our State penitentiaries, 
and one could not ask for a more mtelhgent 
audience. Here are found some of the keenest 
business men, expert scientists, and most highly 
educated bankers and lawyers. 







1 li iiim| 





Class of Girls in Gymnasium of Congregational Church, 
WiNNETKA. Illinois. 




Gymnasium of Congregational Church, Winnetka, Illinois. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 41 

Judge Gemmill of the Chicago Court of 
Domestic Relations recently declared In an 
address before a church club that the popular 
idea that education is an antidote for crime is 
a mistake. 

Even if we grant that educated criminals 
are exceptional and hold Ignorance to be the 
mother of vice and crime, still the school falls 
short as a moralizing agent. Waiving, as mere 
exaggerations, all the charges that have been 
made so frequently during the past few years 
to the effect that our college spirit to-day en- 
courages inebriety, cigarettes, gambling, irrev- 
erence, and rehglous agnosticism, we are none 
the less confronted with a statistical situation 
which makes it obviously unreasonable to sup- 
pose that the schools, under present conditions 
and unsupplemented by other influences, can 
solve the ''young man" problem. How, for 
instance, can the school train and develop the 
character of the young man whom it never 
touches, the youth who disdains to darken its 
doors? And he represents the overwhelming 
majority. 

Just at the formative period of adolescence, 



42 THE CHURCH AND 

when the boy needs supervising influences most, 
just as he stands on the splendid, dangerous 
threshold of manhood, suddenly the school and 
the boy part company. Five out of every six 
of the enrollment of boys and girls leave school 
during this period. Of the 19,000,000 school 
children enrolled in the elementary grades, only 
3,000,000 go through high school. Further- 
more, since a much larger number of boys than 
girls leave, it follows that the loss of boys, 
taken by themselves, is considerably more than 
five out of every six. The actual number of 
boys who come under the influence of the 
schools during adolescence, therefore, is appre- 
ciably less than one-sixth of the masculine en- 
rollment of the elementary grades. In view of 
the percentage of this number who become 
educated criminals, moreover, together with 
the much larger percentage who do not attain 
the moral standard which our civilization has a 
right to expect, it is apparent that the school 
is successful in actually moralizing only a seri- 
ously reduced portion of the aforesaid, appre- 
ciably less than one-sixth of the elementary en- 
rollment of boys. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 43 

An even worse situation is found when we 
consider the relation between the boy and the 
Sunday school. According to the Rev. Edgar 
Blake, corresponding secretary of the Board of 
Sunday Schools of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, boys attend Sunday school only until 
they reach their "teens," when they abruptly 
disappear. "This is the age," says Dr. Blake, 
"when boys break with their parents, their 
faith, and their former ideals; and just when 
they need the Sunday school most, they are 
gone." According to this leading expert, there- 
fore, so far as the Sunday school is concerned, 
as it is now situated and conducted, the "young 
man" problem is scarcely touched. 

PUNISHMENT DOES NOT REFORM 

But if our schools are not the most effective 
antidote for crime, neither is our system of cor- 
rection. The reform school does not reform. 
It merely protects the public from the mis- 
demeanors of those whom it imprisons. 

"For want of better institutions our delin- 
quent boys are sent to the penitentiaries or re- 



44 THE CHURCH AND 

form schools, where, instead of being restored 
to the community, they become criminals 
through association with hardened law-break- 
ers."* 

If Professor Yoder is right that "adolescence 

is attended by a spirit of semi-criminality among 
normal healthy boys," t then restraint, sup- 
pression, and prohibition only antagonize the 
boy's essential nature. But methods of antag- 
onism will never get very far in the world 
either of reform or prevention. 

What the boy needs during this crisis of life 
is intelligent, sympathetic direction without the 
knowledge that he is being guided. Experts in 
juvenile work everywhere employ some judi- 
cious means of directing the boy without his 
knowing it. The instinct to be an independent, 
initiative force appears during adolescence in 
the most exaggerated manifestations. This in- 
stinct should be appreciated and directed, not 
antagonized or suppressed. Suppression only 
agitates the very tendencies we seek to control. 



* Chicago Tribune editorial, March 9, 1913. 
t "The Incorrigibles." Prof. Yoder. (Journal of Child- 
hood and Adolescence, January, 1902.) 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 45 

A boy is a boiler of energies, he is looking for 
an outlet or an occasion for the expression of 
those energies, and he may find it in the wrong 
way. But if we suppress those energies, there 
is apt to be an explosion later that will shock 
the community. 

Parents who whip and scold and punish most 
severely usually have the worst boys as a result. 
Certainly there is no statistical evidence to 
support the theory that a boy is good in direct 
proportion to the severity of his parental chas- 
tisement. 

Few parents are aware of the danger with 
which these adolescence years are fraught. 
One psychologist estimates that seventy-five 
per cent, of the serious temptations of life are 
crowded into this brief period of tender years 
and erratic emotionalism with almost irresist- 
ible intensity. Untrained parents and guardians 
do not realize that most of our criminals be- 
come such when only boys. Judge John New- 
comer of the Municipal Court of Chicago says : 
"Seventy per cent, of those brought before me 
are under twenty years of age." The average 
age of the "holdup" characters of the city is 



46 THE CHURCH AND 

about nineteen years. In the fifty-eight juvenile 
reformatories in the United States, with 14,846 
inmates, the average age is 14.2 years. "Ado- 
lescence is preeminently the criminal age .... 
and the proportion seems to be everywhere 
increasing."* 

It is not the purpose here, however, to enter 
into a technical discussion of punishment as a 
cure for juvenile crime. Instead the conclu- 
sions of the authorities who have given exhaus- 
tive consideration to those respective fields of 
research are accepted as correct and final, and 
the merit of my recommendations is based upon 
them. The conclusions upon this subject, more- 
over, are succinctly summarized by Stanley 
Hall in the following brief statement: "Those 
smitten with the institutional craze or any 
extreme correctionalist views will never solve 
the problem of criminal youth."t 

PLAYLESS HOME LOSES BOYS 

Mere disciplinary agencies are inadequate to 
secure the highest development of his majesty, 

* Adolescence. Stanlej Hall, p. 325. 
t Ibid., p. 407. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 47 

the modern boy. This is illustrated, as has 
been shown, in the activities of church, school, 
and State. 

But it is even more apparent in the greatest 
of all American institutions, the home. Here, 
if anywhere, are the forces that shape manners 
and morals. If we cannot keep our sons con- 
tented to remain at home during the formative 
period at least, we may well despair of pre- 
serving the moral standards of American 
civihzation. But filial contentment requires 
something besides the ding-dong of duty, and 
the customary deluge of don'ts. Prohibition of 
the amusement halls and the young man's place 
of social recreation only dissatisfies the young 
man with his rural vicinity and frequently 
drives him to the city. Provide his favorite 
amusements in his home, but if you cannot 
afford what he craves, seek to improve and not 
to destroy such recreations in the local com- 
munity. 

No one appreciates recreations in the home 
more than those who have tried it. Here is 
a line from just a plain mother. (Mrs. Mary 
B. Britton, Wilbut, Wash.) "When we at- 



48 THE CHURCH AND 

tempt to make plain to you what pleasure our 
billiard table has brought to us, words fail, 
and we can only say, our boy now lives at 
home. Why can't the American mother be as 
wise as the Japanese mother and place a bil- 
liard table in her home? The Japanese have 
never attempted to rank in classic design, but 
in the art of training their children to stay at 
home the Japanese mother has never been ex- 
celled." 

Just as recreations will check migration to 
the city from country towns, the same attrac- 
tions will have the same effects in the relation- 
ship between smaller units, the boy and the 
home. No home is complete without games. 
It would be difficult to mention a sacrifice which 
parents could make for their boy which would 
yield them better returns upon the investment 
than in the purchase of his favorite game for 
the home. If the instinct for play is as pri- 
mary and irresistible as the instinct for food, 
then a playroom in every home is as essential 
as a dining room. 



Play is religion's basic ally, and it is high 
time the church was marshaling all her forces. 
Religion can never wholly take the place of 
play, and should not wage her battles without 
its aid. Beware of a religion that substitutes 
itself for everything; that makes monks. Seek 
a religion that appropriates everything ; that 
makes Christians. 




ME^:'s Billiard Room in Congregational Church, 

WiNNETKA, IlLIN-QIS. 




Congregational Church and "Community Building/' 
WiNNETKA, Illinois. 



CHAPTER IV 

THE FUNCTION OF GAMES 

"By-Products'* 

IN comparing play activities with other 
agencies of human growth, it appears, 
therefore, that such other agencies are 
inadequate in themselves for symmetrical de- 
velopment; that it is a part of Nature's order 
of things that they should be supplemented by 
play; that play stimulates distinct qualities and 
virtues, not fully attained through work, school- 
ing or correction. 

Among the "by-products" of play, which are 
developed only rarely or partially by other 
agencies, might be mentioned the spirit of 
spontaneity, wholeheartedness, self-abandon- 
ment, elation, enthusiasm, exuberance, etc. The 
habit of accuracy, also, is perhaps nowhere so 
unconsciously and naturally developed as in 
those enjoyable games in which accuracy is the 
paramount essential to achievement. A game, 
51 



52 THE CHURCH AND 

for instance, in which the most accurate shots 
are the most admired shots is an ideal agency 
for developing the habit of accuracy, which in 
turn becomes the basis of integrity and justice. 
Furthermore, in the contribution which play 
makes to character building, the physical is em- 
phasized coextensively with mental and moral 
growth for the reason that a healthy body is 
the basis of a healthy mind and soul. Dr. 
George J. Fisher, international secretary of the 
Y. M. C. A., says: "An unfortunately large 
number of our population haven't the physical 
basis of being good." Games begin their build- 
ing processes, where all sound constructive 
forces must, at the foundation. In fact, "all 
that is best and beautiful in nature can be 
taught through play, its ever changing condi- 
tions and situations." (Play; Its Value. Nina 
B. Lamkin, p. 26.) And the boy who acquires 
these virtues through games to-day will exer- 
cise them in business to-morrow. 

TRAINS BOY UNAV^ARES 

There are other functions and virtues in the 
performance and development of which play 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 53 

enjoys more nearly a monopoly. One of these 
is emphasized by the experts in juvenile work 
who assure us how desirable it is to correct 
and train the boy without his knowing it, to 
employ methods of suggestions which permit 
him to believe that the suggestions are his own, 
and thus to avoid the fatal antagonism of his 
strong initiative instinct. This ideal recipe for 
making boys good is rather difficult in practice, 
and capable of execution only by trained ex- 
perts. In games, however, we have a method, 
most simple and natural, which executes itself 
automatically. No skilled boy trainers are here 
required. Just turn the boys loose on a good 
wholesome game and the trick is done. The 
boys adopt it wholeheartedly. Here they de- 
velop self-control, imagination, memory, con- 
centration, and attention; here they expand 
their lungs, increase their circulation and de- 
velop muscles in strength and agility ; here they 
subdue their passions and refine their intellect; 
here is "the expansion of all the powers which 
make the beauty and worth of human nature," 
— and all in a most happy unawareness, with- 
out the sense of compulsion or drudgery and 



54 THE CHURCH AND 

elated only by a delicious anticipation of the 
next unexpected turns of the game. 



SAFEGUARDS LEISURE HOURS 

Again, one prominent characteristic of our 
day is the decreased daily hours of toil. Mod- 
ern machinery now does the work in a few 
hours which formerly occupied days, thus plac- 
ing at our disposal an ever-increasing leisure. 
This feature, however, is only conditionally 
desirable. Leisure, like most things, however 
good inherently, is desirable according as it is 
used or abused. Leisure consumed in idleness 
is a fruitful source of either laziness or mis- 
chief. Certain intervals of leisure are a posi- 
tive necessity to the health of body and soul, but 
"an idle brain is the Devil's workshop." Un- 
occupied leisure is a hazardous situation for 
fertile juvenile minds. Some game of sufficient 
interest as to engage the whole attention is 
usually a prerequisite of good behavior among 
virile youth who have leisure hours at their 
disposal. J. H. Bancroft, director of physical 
training for the public schools of New York 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 55 

City, says : "Many principals object to recesses 
because of the moral contamination for which 
these periods are often responsible. The au- 
thor, however, has had repeated and convinc- 
ing testimony of the efficacy of games to do 
away with this objection."* 



COUNTERACTS SEDENTARY HABITS 

Another conspicuous tendency of our civiliza- 
tion Is the enormous migration from country 
toward city life. The result of this movement 
means the loss of outdoor exercise, more in- 
tense mental application, competition, worry 
and exhaustion of nerve. Such a change can 
only mean a lamentable loss of vitality. But 
here again games come to the rescue. In pro- 
portion as the race becomes sedentary games 
become indispensable. They are, indeed. 
Mother Nature's wise and happy provision for 
checking and counteracting the devitalizing ten- 
dencies of our sedentary habits. 



* Games for Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium. 
-J. H. Bancroft. 



S6 THE CHURCH AND 

CHECKS MIGRATION TO CITY 

Moreover, there is no one thing that will 
check the lamentable movement cityward so 
much as a wise provision for wholesome amuse- 
ments In the rural districts. I have asked 
dozens of young men why they left their coun- 
try homes, Inferring that it was for money and 
business opportunity. But the reply Is invari- 
ably: "Nothing doing," "Too dead for me," 
referring, not to business, but to recreation. 
That Is, village life is not large enough for 
them. It does not meet the normal require- 
ments of their whole nature. 

Rural editors appreciate this fact: "Perhaps 
you know that the one thing which worries a 
great many of the best people we have in this 
country is the fact that the boys and girls are 
leaving the farm to go to the city. Only re- 
cently we have come to appreciate the fact that 
possibly the reason they are going is that coun- 
try life has not furnished them the recreation 
which their natures require, and they are going 
to places where this need can be supplied. Per- 
sonally I believe that every community, if not 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 57 

every farm home, should have a clubhouse 
where boys can play billiards and have the re- 
laxation which they require. If this were done, 
I think there would be less of a desire to go to 
town, and also I believe that they would do 
more efficient work."* 

Having followed up the record of a certain 
definite "bunch" of young men who formerly 
constituted a Sunday School Class in a rural 
church, and having inquired their reasons for 
not attending the class or the church any more, 
the writer received nine replies from the twelve 
young men. Every reason but one given could 
be expressed in the words of one in particular : 
"Oh, there is nothing doing out there but 
preach." 

One country pastor saw this situation, came 
to a rural church and conquered. Rev. M. B. 
McNutt of Plainfield, Illinois, has demon- 
strated the efficacy of games to bind young men 
to country life. The church which he accepted 
paid a salary of $300.00 per annum, was then 
$400.00 in arrears, and had not received a new 

* James M. Irvine (Managing Editor, Fruit Grower and 
Farmer, St. Joseph, Mo.). 



58 THE CHURCH AND 

member in a half-decade. As a result of the 
new pastor's regime of athletic organization, 
bowling, billiards, basketball, punching-bags, 
etc., the church is in a most flourishing condi- 
tion, with hardly a young person in the entire 
vicinity but is a member. During this pastorate 
the church has given to benevolence $5,600 as 
compared with $600 given for a similar pur- 
pose in the sixty-six years preceding. ... A 
new $10,000 church has been erected and paid 
for.* 

But these statistics do not express the far- 
reaching achievement of this wise pastor. He 
struck upon a solution of one of the gravest 
problems of our times. The provision and su- 
pervision of recreations in rural communities 
and villages as a means of holding boys in the 
country until they are well established in moral 
fiber, judgment and stability of character is 
one of the most consequential movements of 
modern reform. It is fundamental to the char- 
acter of our nation's manhood to stimulate 
country towns to become thoroughly alive to 

* "Saving the Country Church." (Country Gentleman, 
Dec. 28th, 1912.) 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 59 

this serious matter, to devise means of every 
legitimate nature, and even to make certain con- 
cessions to the young man's social requirements 
and taste, in order to keep the strongest types 
and most promising youth in the rural commu- 
nities, from which this nation must draw most 
of its statesmen, if it is to have many, in the 
future. 

BECOMES A "means OF GRACE" 

Not only are games the best means of 
growth, physical and moral; not only do they 
meet the highly desirable requirement of train- 
ing and governing the boy without his knowing 
it; not only are they peculiarly essential to the 
leisure hours, the counteraction of sedentary 
habits and of the cityward drift of our times; 
— but modern Psychology has given to games 
a new and deeper significance. In the Am. 
Journal of Theology, Vol. 14, p. 509, Profes- 
sor E. C. Seashore, of Iowa State University, 
says: *'Games are a preparation for religious 
life and a vital means of its realization. . . . 
In order to understand religion, we must know 



6o THE CHURCH AND 

something of the biological role of play." 
Many of the emotions, basilar to religion, like 
elation, spontaneity, initiative, and the impetus 
to act for the joy of action, are most efficiently 
developed through play activities. The church, 
therefore, should appropriate and utilize this 
potent factor in human evolution. For ages 
the church has busied herself with the The- 
ology of Tears, It should now deal seriously 
with the Theology of Play. Play is rehgion's 
basic ally, and it is high time she was marshal- 
ing all her forces. Religion can never wholly 
take the place of play, and should not try to 
win world battles without its aid. Beware of a 
religion that substitutes itself for everything; 
that makes monks. Seek a religion that ap- 
propriates everything; that makes Christians. 
Play is a diversion of the life-force from 
sordid getting and possessing gratifications to 
something healthful and humanizing. Games 
are the expression of that diversion. As such 
they are handmaids to religion. A boy is a 
boiler of playful energies. Suppress those ener- 
gies and there is danger of an explosion. Juve- 
nile depravity is lack of outlet. Supply that 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 6i 

outlet, and the result is moral salvation. Such 
is the function of games, and the church should 
utihze this practical means of grace. The 
young man's favorite game is the halter by 
which he may be led, and the Church that lays 
hold of it not only leads the young man but in- 
cidentally seizes her own life-preserver. 



CHAPTER V 
INDOOR GAMES COMPARED 
Billiards Our National Game 

THE psychologist has known these things 
for some time, but the Church is just 
beginning to recognize the principle. 
There should be a prompt and general move- 
ment in this direction. Give the boys their 
favorite games. Do not dictate their games to 
them, but provide the games they love, the 
games that have power to attract. 

What, then, is the young man's favorite 
game? For, if we can enhst that game as our 
ally, we can take the young man by storm. As 
a result of considerable investigation to learn 
what is America's most popular game, there- 
fore, we are enabled to exhibit the following 
chart. 

There is a total of 300,000 carom and 
pocket-billiard tables in the public billiard 
62 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 63 



Average Number of Daily Participants in Chicago, 1910. 



o .a . 
"11 



cs ^ 



rooms of the United States, with a total dally 
average of 2,400,000 games played on these 
tables, and requiring an army of 9,600,000 
players every day of the week. 

Why abandon all the most highly evolved 
and masculine games to the devil? Billiards, 



64 THE CHURCH AND 

for instance, the game of pure skill, Involving 
the least element of chance or luck, the game 
of greatest magnetism for young men, as is 
indicated in this chart, is still, in many quarters, 
under the ban of the Church. This antipathy 
is hard to appreciate. Henry Ward Beecher, 
Alfred Tennyson, Samuel Clemens, George 
Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas 
Jefferson were expert in the art of billl. rds; 
while all our Presidents have indulged 'n this 
pastime in the billiard parlor of the Executive 
Mansion; moreover, in this country to-day 
there are over fifty prominent clergymen who 
not only play, but who have become highly pro- 
ficent in "the gentleman's game." If the game 
is sometimes the center of bad associations and 
is attracting young men there, it is all the 
greater reason for placing it in clean surround- 
ings where its magnetism will change the direc- 
tion of the young man's drift. 

Billiards is inherently the most wholesome of 
all indoor games, notwithstanding the prejudice 
which the devil's efforts to monopolize it have 
excited in the minds of many good people. It 
combines in harmonious proportion an ideal 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 6^ 

physical and mental exercise. Checkers and 
chess are also mathematical games of pure 
science, but they afford no physical exercise, no 
training for eye or nerve. They are entirely 
sedentary. In all such games as dominoes, as 
In all card games, whether Flinch or Poker, the 
player Is dependent somewhat upon luck in 
drawing his "hand." They are to that extent 
game's^ of chance rather than of science. Since 
they of , therefore, but little mental and al- 
most no physical exercise, they are not the most 
wholesome games. Indoor baseball and basket- 
ball, while somewhat violent for the ordinary 
constitution, are fine games for robust youth. 
But they are Impracticable without a large hall 
or gymnasium. Boxing Is a splendid sport, but 
mu^t be scrutlnously supervised. Fencing Is 
ideal and too little known and practiced In this 
country. Pure exercisers, such as dumb-bells, 
wands, horizontal bars, etc., lack the zest and 
sustaining Interest of the spirit of games. 

But billiards happily combines the good fea- 
tures of these games without many of their 
faults. It can be played in the home, or In the 
church basement where the pillars Interfere 



66 THE CHURCH AND 

with and the celling is too low for basketball, 
etc.; and, while it can be Indulged in by both 
men and women, athletic or frail, young or old, 
It is particularly attractive to the normal young 
man. 

In the course of each game of billiards the 
player usually walks approximately forty rods 
and thrusts his arm forward from 50 to 100 
times, holding a twenty-ounce cue, while at the 
same time estimating all manner of angles and 
calculating the resultant of varied gradations 
and combinations of force. 

MORAL EFFICACY OF BILLIARDS 

Billiards intrinsically exerts also a high 
moral Influence. It discounts chance and puts 
a premium on accuracy. It demands a keen 
eye, a steady nerve, and a sensitive touch, — the 
very qualities which can be acquired only by 
abstemious habits of life. It Is Hterally Im- 
possible for a ^'boozer" or a cigarette "fiend" 
to become proficient at billiards. And, since 
the game stimulates a strong desire to excel, it 
Inclines the player to resist dissolute tempta- 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 67 

tions in order that he may acquire proficiency. 
Many of the great poets, like many of the 
world-renowned musicians and artists, are 
shockingly delinquent in their morals. Byron, 
Burns, Field, Riley and Poe (not to mention 
Goethe) — contrast these five great inebriate 
poets and their dissolute habits with the world's 
five greatest billiard artists — Hoppe, Demarest, 
Slosson, Yamada, and Sutton. Every one of 
these men are absolutely "total abstainers." 
This is a wholesome reflection for those who 
are prejudiced against the one Indoor game 
which has the attractive qualities to draw young 
men. 

"pool" a misnomer 

One cause of prejudice against billiards 
arises from the common use of a misnomer. 
The public read, for instance, of certain crimes 
and misdemeanors occurring In a "pool" room, 
and carry the impression that the Item refers 
to a game room; when in reality such events 
never happened in any billiard hall, and were 
In no way connected with the game of billiards. 
(This, of course. Is not saying that there are 



68 THE CHURCH AND 

no unwholesome billiard-rooms, — far from it.) 
The better class of billiard-room keepers have 
sought to eliminate this confusion by dropping 
the word "pool" in connection with their busi- 
ness. Pool is not a game, but is applied to the 
game of billiards by some through ignorance. 
It is a wise move that the proprietors of billiard 
halls throughout the country are making — elim- 
inating the word *'pool" from anything con- 
nected with their business. The word has be- 
come obnoxious because many persons do not 
understand, when reading of the poolroom in 
connection with the race-horse gambling and 
other forms of chance, that a billiard-room is 
an entirely different thing. There is nothing 
in common, and to speak of a billiard parlor as 
a pool hall is a great mistake. The pool-room 
is the resort of gamblers who are there to 
wager money and for that purpose only. There 
are no games there, except perhaps some dice. 
All the paraphernalia necessary for a pool- 
room is a telegraph instrument, a pencil, a pad 
of paper, and money to wager. It is no won- 
der the billiard-hall men see the advisability of 
not using the word "pool" as a name for pocket 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 69 

billiards, because of the unsavory meaning gen- 
erally given the word "pool." 

All the tables for social games in a billiard 
hall are biUiard tables, and all games played 
thereon are games of billiards — pocket billiards 
and carom. Like the great American game of 
baseball, the game of billiards has had a splen- 
didly clean record, and It is rightfully called 
the "gentleman's game," because of that record. 
This is evidenced by the fact that in all the 
great Y. M. C. A. buildings in the country, as 
also in many of our best homes, a room is de- 
voted to this most beautiful and entertaining of 
games. 



Allow me to refer to one of my own experi- 
ments as a pastor: Placed indoor games in 
basement of Church. Results that year: Sun- 
day School attendance doubled. Over eighty 
boys and young men gathered in the gymna- 
sium. Frequent complaints from saloons and 
cigar stores that their patronage had fallen of. 
My substitution theory worked. 




>^ s 



CHAPTER VI 

BILLIARDS IN CHURCH 

Church Entitled to the Best 

IT has been shown that the church is not 
reaching young men; that work, schooling 
and chastisement need supplementing; 
that games perform unique and essential func- 
tions; that they actually become an ally of the 
church; and, finally, that, of all indoor games, 
billiards is perhaps the -most purely scientific 
and beneficial, physically and morally, and the 
most magnetic to young men. 

I therefore recommend that this game in par- 
ticular be taken over and employed by the 
church, if for no other reason than that the 
church is entitled to the best. 

Time was when I feared lest church billiard 
parlors would only be stepping-stones to dis- 
reputable billiard rooms. But after consider- 
able investigation I have become convinced that 
71 



72 THE CHURCH AND 

for one young man who will learn to play bil- 
liards at the church parlors and afterward en- 
joy the foul atmosphere of unwholesome bil- 
liard rooms, there are now thousands of young 
men learning to play billiards in undesirable 
places because the church does not provide 
such games. Furthermore, the young man who 
will learn at the church and afterward enjoy 
the game in low associations is quite likely to 
be the same young man who will not hesitate 
to learn in bad surroundings if he cannot learn 
elsewhere. So we have not injured but only 
improved his opportunity to be manly by teach- 
ing him at the church instead of leaving the 
devil to teach him. 

CHURCH MUST MEET COMPETITION OF SALOON 

Furthermore, there are positive and impera- 
tive reasons why the church should install this 
magnetic game. 

First, the competition of the church with the 
saloon for the patronage of young men is open 
and active. If the church would win, she must 
certainly provide an adequate substitute for the 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 73 

legitimate functions which the saloon performs, 
and for the agencies by which the saloon sup- 
plies a deeply felt need and necessary require- 
ment, especially in the larger cities. 

From a survey of seventy American cities the 
following facts have been ascertained concern- 
ing the saloon: Forty per cent, of the saloons 
serve free lunch. One in three has cards, 
games, bowling alleys, billiard tables. One in 
ten has cafe or hotel accommodations; one In 
twenty a clubroom; two in each hundred a dance 
hall. Fifteen per cent, of the labor unions 
meet in halls connected with saloons, and ten 
per cent, on Sunday. In seventy cities only one 
labor union was found meeting in a church. 

In other words, the saloon is feeding people, 
amusing them, taking care of them. It cashes 
the workman's pay-check, helps him find a job 
when he is out of work, takes care of him In 
trouble. He may be arrested for a misde- 
meanor — a single lapse from order and Indus- 
try of the sort that makes up a large proportion 
of arrests. The saloon-keeper and the political 
boss adjust matters for him. Their methods 
may not be very regular; but they weigh his 



74 THE CHURCH AND 

offense in a rough way, do not lose sight of the 
fact that he is ordinarily a pretty good fellow, 
and get him out of the police station with a fine 
regard for his self-respect. The saloon in its 
field is effective, very human and always on 
the job.* 

In the face of such statistics as these, what is 
the use of talking of driving the saloon out of 
our large cities until the church offers an ade- 
quate substitute? One conspicuous feature 
brought to light by this survey is the impor- 
tance with which the saloon regards recreation 
and games. But since these things are inher- 
ently legitimate and beneficial, the church 
should at least not be outdone in meeting this 
demand. 

Paul M. Strayer, "Social Expert" from 
Rochester, N. Y., in the Men and Rehgion For- 
ward Movement, expressed himself on this sub- 
ject in the following emphatic terms: "The 
church of to-day is not sufficient in itself to at- 
tract men and boys from saloons and billiard 
halls, and it is worse than useless for the 

* "Business Side of the • Church." — Saturday Evening 
Post, Feb. 1, 1913. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 75 

church to preach against the immorality of the 
saloon until it can replace it, the billiard hall 
and the dance hall, with similar institutions un- 
der gentle guidance. The saloon is yet a social 
necessity. Men and young men must have a 
gathering place. That is a positive social law. 
The church is not attracting them, and cannot 
under its present conditions. 

"You ministers pass too much time preaching 
what those fellows — the fellows who populate 
the saloons — would call Churchianity, to the 
exclusion of Christianity. You are too high 
and mighty to mingle in the slums with those 
who can find companionship nowhere outside 
of saloons. 

"You who say that dancing is immoral are 
narrow and evil-minded. Dancing is a natural 
and enjoyable entertainment. You cannot keep 
boys and girls from dancing. Why try? Every 
church, every Sunday School, should have a 
dance hall in its parish home. 

"Carom and pocket billiards and bowling are 
choice sports and amusements of boys and men. 
It took twenty years to overcome prejudices 
of the people to the installation of billiard 



76 THE CHURCH AND 

tables and bowling alleys in the Y. M. C. A. 
It took less than twenty days to realize the 
great good that these same condemned billiard 
tables were doing and were going to do for the 
boys. Again, I say that every church should 
have billiard tables. 

^Why not, then, make billiards and bowling 
feeders to the church rather than to the sa- 
loon? It can be done. It will have to be done 
before the church will come into its own. 

"You have seen that the church to-day can- 
not and does not attract men and boys. That 
being true, there is something wrong with the 
church. 

"Why not right this wrong? Why not bring 
to pass these things, such as dancing and billiard 
playing, which will attract the young folk? I 
say, get them here. Use moving pictures. Get 
your picture films from the same film makers as 
do the moving picture theaters. Do not use 
religious pictures alone. They bore rather than 
attract. Convert your church into a social 
habitation — a place where men, women, boys 
and girls will delight to be." 

Many conservative churchmen may regard 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 77 

Mr. Strayer's views as somewhat radical and 
his statement of the case rather blunt. But, 
even so, there is still much food for reflection 
in his remarks. And the fact that he was 
chosen as the "Social Expert" of a national lay- 
man's movement makes his ideas representative 
of the laymen's point of view. 

THE HALF-WAY STEP 

At one time I feared that, while games in 
the church might draw young men there week 
nights, it would not secure their attendance at 
Sunday services ; and, of course, the purpose of 
the church is not merely to amuse. But when 
I reflected that big business houses will offer 
certain articles for sale as "leaders" at a price 
which actually nets them a loss in order to in- 
duce the public to "get the habit" of frequent- 
ing their store, — to merely become familiar 
with the pathway, or rather the street, that 
leads to their place of business, — I began to 
appreciate something of the value placed upon 
first steps in the desired direction. 

Moreover, something besides mere familiar- 



78 THE CHURCH AND 

ity with the road leading to the church and the 
habit of wending their way in that direction is 
awakened in the bosom of those for whom 
amusement and pleasure are provided by the 
church. It is only human that such amuse- 
ments and interest shown should create a kindly 
feeling revealing itself in the young men's atti- 
tude toward the minister and the church. Such 
an attitude means accessibility of approach for 
the minister at least and an inclination on the 
part of the young men to reciprocate the minis- 
ter's kindness. The natural way in which such 
reciprocation might be manifested would be to 
boost those things in which the minister is in- 
terested. And young men know very well that 
the one thing of vital interest to the minister is 
to increase his congregation. Although they 
come to church only to please him, therefore, 
every church worker and every one familiar 
with church opportunities for service are aware 
that half the battle is to *'get the young men 
out." 

In other words, the chasm between the young 
man and the church to-day has become so wide 
that a half-way step seems necessary. At this 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 79 

half-way point, minister and young men must 
meet, — a point representing a community of in- 
terests between the two factors we are trying to 
bring together. At the present moment there 
seems to be no other interest in common quite 
so easily appropriated as that of innocent and 
wholesome games. Here young men and the 
minister may meet in mutual pleasure and fel- 
lowship. From this point the young man can 
step across the remaining portion of the chasm. 
Changing the young man's feelings and in- 
clinations toward the church, familiarizing him 
with the way that leads there, and establishing 
a personal acquaintance with community of in- 
terest between him and the minister, are influ- 
ences, therefore, which we cannot afford to 
despise. It is only natural to desire to hear the 
man preach with whom we have had a mutually 
pleasant fellowship in other spheres of human 
interest. 



CHAPTER VII 

EXAMPLES AND TESTIMONY 

West Park Presbyterian Church, 
Philadelphia 

AMONG the few concrete examples of 
the actual practice of these advices 
among Protestant denominations, 
there is perhaps none which more definitely il- 
lustrates whether games in the church week 
nights will increase the attendance at Sunday 
services than that of the West Park Presby- 
terian Church of Philadelphia. We quote at 
some length from a report of the work by the 
pastor, Rev. Dr. Grant Hopper, because it 
makes clear the feasibility of the project in 
various particulars. Concerning his church 
game-room, he says: — 

**Years ago we dreamed a dream. We saw 
the drift of things in the great wail of the 
church that men and women would not attend 
80 




REVEREND CHARLES GRANT HOPPER, 
Pastor, West Park Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 8i 

service in God's house on the Lord's Day with 
any large measure of faithfulness. We watched 
boys and girls grow into men and women, and 
at a critical period in their lives feel the strong 
pull of the w^orld and yield to it and surrender 
in large measure their Sabbath School associa- 
tions, and give only perfunctory attention to 
the service of the church. 

"We studied conditions as they were, and 
watched the effect of good men, not necessarily 
identified with the church, but deeply inter- 
ested in boys, and good women heartily inter- 
ested in girls. Boys' clubs and girls' clubs have 
sprung up, like mushrooms, all over the coun- 
try. Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. have car- 
ried on an ever-increasing work of usefulness 
and helpfulness, taking a new hold on the drift- 
wood from our Sabbath Schools. Educators 
far and near have been pleading for community 
recreation centers, and still other forces were 
working here and achieving there, and in the 
midst of all this agitation and successful effort 
stood the church, approving, it is true, but pas- 
sive, as an organized factor itself, doing little 
or nothing in taking the initiative toward her 



82 THE CHURCH AND 

own working out of the problem, and the hold- 
ing of her boys and girls, along lines approved 
by worthy men the world over, and successfully 
wrought out by organizations outside of the 
churches, though in no sense antagonistic to 
the church or our Sabbath Schools. 

"In the height of all these we dreamed, we 
longed for the day when the best and most at- 
tractive features of Y. M. C. A.'s and boys' 
clubs would become an incorporated part of 
our church work; that a great playground for 
our own boys and girls might be reahzed which 
would hold them fast. 

"Membership. — Those eligible to member- 
ship are members of the West Park Pres- 
byterian Church, Congregation or Sabbath 
School. Membership is of the following 
classes : 

"i. Sustaining. — ^Any person giving $5 
per year or more for the sustaining of the 
work. 

"2. Senior. — Any male or female member 
of the Church, Congregation or Sabbath 
School, over nineteen years of age, paying $3 
per year. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 83 

"3. Intermediate. — Any male or female, 
fourteen years of age to nineteen years of age, 
paying $2 per year. 

''4. Junior. — Any boy or girl of our Sab- 
bath School, under fourteen years of age, pay- 
ing $1 per year. 

"General Rules. — Gentlemanly conduct 
is required at all times. Boys and men should 
always remove their hats while in the building, 
remembering that they are in the presence of 
ladies, and not in an ordinary clubhouse. The 
use of tobacco in the building is absolutely for- 
bidden. 

"At first a shuffleboard was one of the prin- 
cipal amusements for the boys, but this year two 
pocket-billiard tables have been substituted. 
The rules governing these are : 

^'Rates. — Games will be charged for at the 
rate of two and one-half cents per game per 
player, and must be paid for in advance at the 
beginning of the game. Tables may be rented 
by a party of two or more (one of whom must 
be a member of the West Park Church Club), 
at the rate of sixty cents per hour; but for not 
more than one hour at a time, if the table is 



84 THE CHURCH AND 

wanted by other members of the West Park 
Church Club. 

"General Rules. — Ladies' nights, Tuesday 
and Thursday evenings of each week ladies will 
be given preference in use of tables. 

^'Boys. — No boy under sixteen years of age 
will be allowed to play unless upon receipt of 
permission from his parents to the governors of 
the building. And no older boy will be allowed 
to play if his parents are known to object. 

'^Club Members. — Members of the West 
Park Church Club will always be shown prefer- 
ence in use of tables. No table will be per- 
mitted to be used unless at least one member of 
the church club is in the party of players. 

'Wo Gambling. — Each player must pay for 
his own game, except in such cases as where the 
governor in charge of the room is convinced 
that there is no spirit or intent of 4oser pay 
for the game.' Any violation of this rule will 
be dealt with seriously, as the governors of the 
building are determined that no spirit of 
gambling shall be permitted. 

'^Open Games. — All games shall be *open,' 
except when tables are rented by the hour. 




u 




THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 85 

^'Learners and Inexperienced Players. — 
While learners and Inexperienced players are 
to be encouraged to use the tables, yet at the 
same time they must be reasonable in the time 
consumed in playing their game, and either 
very few or no 'scratches' should be counted in 
such a game. The fairest way for learners to 
play would be by the hour, making up a party 
of their own. 

"The governor in charge of the room Is ex- 
pected to collect the tickets for each game be- 
fore It is started; to look after the general con- 
duct of the room ; to see that none of the privi- 
leges, especially the length of time consumed in 
playing a game, are abused, and his authority 
in the room must be looked upon as abso- 
lute, and as representing the governing 
board of the John H. Converse Memorial 
Building. 

"On Sundays. — On Sundays the smaller 
rooms in the building are used for the Senior 
Sunday School Classes. A space between the 
church and the hall will be utilized some time 
in the future for a swimming pool. 

"An Important phase of such an organization 



86 THE CHURCH AND 

as is being conducted in this West Philadelphia 
Church undoubtedly concerns the finances. The 
total cost of the building is $25,000, of which 
there stands a mortgage of $16,000, which will 
gradually be reduced. The auditor's report for 
the past year shows clearly that the building is 
being conducted on a paying basis; in fact, is 
supporting itself. The financial annual report 
is as follows: 



Receipts. 

From membership tickets $ 880.00 

Pastor's Aid Society Donation . , 432.00 

Shuffle-Board Receipts * 194.96 

Basket-Bali Receipts 181.35 

Entertainments 171.60 

Sale Ice Cream and Candy 39.00 

Interest on Bank Account 5.36 

Building Com. Bal. turned over 1.80 

Donation 1 8.60 

J. F. Plummer^ financial secretary 5.00 

Total $1,929.67 



* After substituting billiards for the shuffle board, the 
income from this item was increased from $16.00 per month 
to $79.00 per month. 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 87 

Payments. 

To interest on mortgage $ 864.00 

Coal 217.30 

Two Instructors 11 1.70 

Janitor 145.00 

Equipment 165.70 

Insurance 124.00 

Electric Light and Gas 163.80 

Water Rent 7.95 

Printing and Stationery 27.20 

Shuffle-Board Expenses 2.75 

Game-Room Expenses 4.50 

Reading- Room Expenses 42.25 

Basket-Ball Expenses 1.25 

Maintenance Expenses 24.52 

Entertainment Expenses 15.80 

Balance 11.95 

Total $1,929.67 

"Likewise there is a social side to the inno- 
vation of the billiard room under church su- 
pervision. Young men interested to a certain 
extent in the club, but clinging to outside bil- 
liard rooms, have now transferred their indi- 
vidual allegiance to the club. 

"The churches of to-day must take extraor- 
dinary steps to hold the young women and 



88 THE CHURCH AND 

young men, and it is by the social side that 
they can be reached and helped. Since the gym- 
nasium and game-rooms have been provided in 
the Converse Building, our already large num- 
ber of young people has been greatly increased, 
our boys and girls kept off the street, and our 
young men and young women have found harm- 
less entertainment and physical advantage, for 
which many parents in our congregation are 
sincerely grateful. 

"Good for Meetings, Too. — We feel that 
in our section we have solved the problem fac- 
ing most Churches to-day^ in caring for the 
young folk and keeping them within the fold." 

JESUIT fathers' church, CHICAGO 

Another most conspicuous example of a play 
and club room in churches is that of the Jesuit 
Fathers' Church, which maintains the largest 
parochial school in Chicago. Concerning the 
results, the Rev. Father Thomas Nolan says: 
"Billiard tables have brought more young men 
into my church than all the preaching that ten 
priests could do for ten years. I wouldn't let 



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THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 89 

the tables be taken out for anything in the 
world. The influence they bring to bear on the 
young men, and particularly the boys, is a 
thousand-fold. Why, before the tables were 
installed very few boys came into the church. 
Now they all want to come, and we sometimes 
have difficulty in handling the crowds." 

Moreover, a boy is a boy, whether Catholic 
or Protestant. In all churches the young-man 
problem is about the same proposition. The 
young man cares mighty little in these days for 
denominations or creeds, and the chance of 
any church to win him is about equal to that 
of any other. Opportunity for the minister of 
any church to attract and serve young men is 
mostly the spoils of the power to observe. It 
is somewhat encouraging to note, too, that 
some Protestant churches are beginning to look 
more kindly upon young men's recreations. Ac- 
cording to the press clippings before me, there 
are many actual cases of billiards, indoor base- 
ball, boxing and punching-bags in connection 
with Protestant churches to-day. 

Benjamin Young, of the First Methodist 
Church of Portland, Ore., says: "I don't see 



90 THE CHURCH AND 

why the Devil should corner every good thing. 
I know of no finer game than billiards, and 
believe that it is an absolutely clean sport. I 
play and enjoy the game of billiards, and I 
don't care who knows it. I think that we should 
mix religion with every-day matters. There is 
no question but that the game should be di- 
vorced from the evil surroundings that now at- 
tend it in many cases and the game should be 
played where all the other influences are right. 
But, as for the game itself, I think it is fine. 
The churches should give more attention to 
such things and lend their support to games 
that tend to improve the wits and muscles of 
the players." 

Bishop Scadding, of the Episcopal Church, 
says: "I believe that billiards or bowling, or 
any other game, is commendable. We have 
billiard tables in the parish house and I know 
that it heads off many young men who would 
otherwise be compelled to seek amusement in 
low dives or saloons." 

"Pastor" John, of St. Paul Lutheran Church, 
Chicago, has a gymnasium, billiard tables, and 
other amusements in connection with his 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 91 

church. Results: By actual count at a recent 
Sunday morning service there were 525 total 
attendance, and of this number 135 were young 
men. 

Rev. A. F. Anderson, of the Normal Park 
Baptist Church, Chicago, has a Young Men's 
Sunday School Class of 125 average attend- 
ance. Needless to say that there are a 
gymnasium and indoor games in connection 
with his church, for the reason that such 
results are not obtained nowadays other- 
wise. 

Rev. B. H. Reutopohler, of the Congrega- 
tional Church of Salem, Ore., who has billiards 
in his church, observes a marked increased at- 
tendance of young men. 

Occasionally a minister loses his patience, as 
in the case of Rev. W. A. Gardner, pastor of 
the Christian Church, Olathe, Kans., who said, 
in a public address before his townsmen: *'You 
are driving the young men to the city because 
you are too stingy with your dirty dollars to 
provide decent amusement. You expect the 
boys to sit here and twirl their fingers. Well, 
they won't do it. Make this town worth living 



92 



THE CHURCH AND 



in and you won't have to worry about the boys 
leaving." 

Rev. Dr. Maurice P. Finales, First Baptist 
Church, Fr^klin, Pa., says: "The church that 
would win men these days must be up and do- 
ing. And, while I do not hold that it must offer 
them all the pleasures the world does, it must 
give them those which do not run counter to 
Christianity. I know the idea of a billiard 
room on church property will shock some dea- 
cons, but they must come to it or their church 
will lose its position." 

Prof. Thomas Edwin Spencer, Supt. of Pub- 
lic Schools, St. Louis, Mo., referring to the 
vice problem of that city, says: "Plainly, the 
solution of the problem which confronts the 
West End is to provide sane, healthful, educat- 
ing amusements, which will prove counter-at- 
tractions to the undesirable Delmar White 
Way.' " 

The growing popularity of the apartment 
house, which is depriving children and young 
persons of yards in which to play, has caused 
the pastor of the Second Baptist Church, St. 
Louis, to throw open one of the buildings of 



THE YOUNG MAN^S GAME 93 

his costly church plant as a gymnasium and 
clubroom. Pocket and billiard tables are 
among the billiard equipment of the building. 
Justifying this departure, the Rev. H. F. Evans, 
assistant pastor, said: ''We are moved to this 
step because we believe also in a religion of 
joy and of the present life. Many of the boys 
and girls of the West End apartment houses 
have little chance for play except in the streets. 
The Church feels the responsibility of giving 
every possible opportunity for the development 
of each side of the child's nature." 



SAVES BOYS SUNDAY-SCHOOL CLASS 

Here is my book in miniature : the whole ar- 
gument is epitomized in this definite concrete 
fact. It is a typical incident portraying a gen- 
eral situation, and it can be duplicated by the 
active pastor everywhere : — 

"We had difficulty in getting a teacher who 
could hold a class of boys of fourteen years. 
Several had tried it and failed. I gave up 
twenty girls just to teach that class of seven 
boys. At the close of the first lesson I asked 



94 THE CHURCH AND 

them whom they wanted for teacher. You. 
I will teach you on three conditions. The first 
is that you come to the manse and play pool 
with me Thursday night from 6.30 to 8.30. 
The second is that you bring your Bibles and 
have Bible study class till 9 o'clock. And the 
third is that you cease waiting for one another 
at the chapel door, but come in and take your 
places in the class like men. 

**No further difficulty with that class ! Now, 
on Thursday evening I did not teach those 
boys any new tricks. They all knew how to 
play pool, and all but one of them had learned 
at places where they had no business to go. 
Either we will take the lead as churches and 
furnish such recreation as this generation elect 
for their amusements, or the saloons and gam- 
bling halls will do this work for us J' 

Rev. Silas E. Persons, D.D. 

Cazenovia, N. Y. 

Before me are the accounts of dozens of 
others. May their numbers increase. The 
tendency should soon become a general move- 



THE YOUNG MAN'S GAME 95 

ment. For therein lies the help of the city In 
solving the problem of its vice districts, the 
means by which the rural communities can 
check their young people's cityward drift, the 
magnet of the home In retaining ''our son," and 
the hope of the church to win young men. 



REFERENCES USED 

1. Adolescence (2 Vols.). G. Stanley Hall. ''Chap. V., 

"Juvenile Immoralities and Crimes.") 

2. The Play of Man. K. Gross. 

3. The Minister and the Boy. Allen Hoben. (Chap. V., 

"Ethical Value of Organized Play.") 

4. The Play Impulse and Attitude in Religion. , C. E. 

Seashore. (American Journal of Theology, XIV, 
No. 4.) 

5. Play as Medicine. Joseph Lee. (Survey XXVII, 

No. 5.) President of National Playground and 
Recreation Association. 

6. Games for Playground, Home, School and Gym- 

nasium. J. H. Bancroft. (Physical Direct., N. Y.) 

7. Play — Its Value. Nina B. Lamkin. (Physical De- 

partment of Western Illinois State Normal School.) 

8. CHme and Social Progress. A. C. HaU, N. Y., 1902. 

9. The Incorrigibles. Prof. Yoder. (Journal of Child- 

hood and Adolescence, Jan., 1902, pp. 22-34.) 

10. Ourselves and the Universe. Ch. on "Amusements." 

J. S. Brierly. 

11. ''Saving the Country Church." (Country Gentleman," 

Dec. 28, 1912.) 

12. "Billiards in Schools to Save Boys from West End 

Vice." St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Nov. 26, 1912. 

13. "Billiard Players Hit Reform Movement." (News 

Chronicle, Negaunee, Mich., November 21, 1912.) 

14. "Lost — 103 Boys in Past Year." (Los Angeles Ex- 

aminer, December 8, 1912.) 

15. "The Business Side of the Church." (Saturday Even- 

ing Post, February 1, 1913.) 

96 



JUN 21 1913 



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